سوال ۲۵ کنکور ارشد ریاضی ۱۴۰۲

PASSAGE 3 (excerpt):

"... The expense caused by the step control in multistep methods, however, destroys this advantage to a large extent. Multistep methods have the largest amount of overhead time. Advantages accrue particularly in cases where the right-hand side of the differential equation is built in a very complicated manner (large amount of computational work to evaluate the right-hand side). In contrast, extrapolation methods have the least amount of overhead time, but on the other hand sometimes do not react as "sensitively" as one-step methods or multistep methods to changes in the prescribed accuracy tolerance ε: often results are furnished with more correct digits than necessary. The reliability of extrapolation methods is quite high, but for modest accuracy requirements they no longer work economically (are too expensive)."

An approach requiring a low overhead time, being less sensitive at times to accuracy tolerance changes, and having reliability at the expense of being costly ----------.