سوال ۲۱ کنکور ارشد ریاضی ۱۴۰۱

PASSAGE 2 (excerpt): "Geometric-modeling methods are a synthesis of techniques from many fields: analytic and descriptive geometry, topology, set theory, numerical analysis, vector calculus, and matrix methods, to name a few. Originally, only a loose ad hoc assembly, they have coalesced into an independent discipline with a well-defined language and logic. ... We also require a mathematical setting that allows us to calculate relationships between models—closest approach, intersections, shadowing, and so forth."

21- Geometric modeling ----------.