سوال ۳۰ کنکور ارشد ریاضی ۱۴۰۰

PASSAGE 3 (SUMMARY) — excerpt:

We may fairly lament that intuitive probability is insufficient for scientific purposes, but it is a historical fact. In example I, (6.b), we shall discuss random distributions of particles in compartments. The appropriate, or "natural," probability distribution seemed perfectly clear to everyone and has been accepted without hesitation by physicists. It turned out, however, that physical particles are not trained in human common sense, and the "natural" (or Boltzmann) distribution has to be given up for the Einstein–Bose distribution in some cases, for the Fermi-Dirac distribution in others. No intuitive argument has been offered why photons should behave differently from protons and why they do not obey the "a priori" laws. If a justification could now be found, it would only show that intuition develops with theory.

30 — Photons and protons ------------.