سوالات

Passage 1 — summary: Economic growth from the late 1950s increased demand for practical management education in both German states. East Germany already had a planned economy when the Berlin Wall was…

Passage 1 — summary: After Stalin’s death, Soviet discussion of management revived, and East German researchers later joined it. During 1957–1959 their disagreement in the party journal Einheit is…

Passage 1 — summary: Following Stalin’s death, the Soviet Union reopened an earlier management debate; the relevant clause says “the Soviet Union tried to revive its discussion on management”. East…

Passage 1 — summary: East German researchers explored cybernetics, operations research, and systems theory to address practical management and economic problems. Some proposed substantial economic…

Passage 1 — summary: East German debates in the late 1950s sought a practical management discipline, and the first specialist management books appeared some years afterward. The discipline itself was…

Passage 1 — summary: The passage discusses East German management thinking during the late 1950s and afterward, without describing German reunification. Participants in the Einheit debates wanted…

Passage 2 — summary: A 2008 handbook presents business history as a mixed discipline able to exchange ideas with several neighboring fields. Historians study its distinctive forms of knowledge…

Passage 2 — summary: The writer argues that business historians can explain organizational actions through their historical setting rather than relying on universal claims. Their work can “illuminate…

Passage 2 — summary: The passage describes business history as valuable for dialogue with other disciplines. Its context-sensitive explanations help explain organizational development, interactions…

Passage 2 — summary: By the 1990s, researchers were questioning whether the Chandlerian managerial firm was best in every setting. They found that it was neither always the most efficient form nor as…

Passage 2 — summary: The 2008 Oxford Handbook of Business History presents the field as interdisciplinary and open to exchanges with neighboring subjects. The passage values contextual explanations…

Passage 2 — summary: The passage names pioneering work by Kipping and Usdiken but gives no publication dates for it. It discusses doubts about the Chandlerian model without dating that model’s…

Passage 2 — summary: Business history connects with history, economic theory, economic development, and management and organization studies. [1] Historians who pursue dialogue with these fields…

Passage 3 — summary: The passage treats managerial identity as socially shaped and repeatedly negotiated rather than permanently settled. The first paragraph describes people struggling with…

Passage 3 — summary: The first paragraph contrasts fixed, essentialist identity with a poststructuralist account shaped by social and organizational circumstances. In this account, identity is…

Passage 3 — summary: The passage explains managerial identity through theoretical concepts and references to several researchers. It connects social circumstances and role pressures with identity…

Passage 3 — summary: The passage explains that workplace discourse and social conditions shape managerial identity. It gives an example in which expectations to meet others’ needs combine with…

Passage 3 — summary: The passage opens by arguing that management education helps create a managerial identity. It explains why identity can be unstable under changing social conditions and competing…

Passage 3 — summary: Grey connects management education with managerial identity, while Collinson emphasizes identity’s fragmented and uncertain character. The passage associates fear of failure with…

Passage 3 — summary: Management education, in Grey’s account, helps people develop a managerial sense of self; [1] the MBA therefore contributes to managerial subjectivity. Poststructuralist accounts…

Crowded cities around the world have made urban living .......... complicated that we need cutting-edge solutions to provide health services to all.

Urban development should avoid .......... wetlands through drainage, infill, water diversion, pollution or the introduction of invasive species.

.......... that additional data collection is critical, develop a sampling plan to ensure you are collecting the relevant data in a manner that can have both the data quality and measurement quality…

If residents want the garbage to be collected regularly, they’d better .......... the municipal cleaners sufficient money.

.......... only about 10,000 on-street parking spots at schools reserved for employees with placards, traffic experts fear that holders of the new placards will not find a proper spot to park their…

Can you please explain to the municipal management team why .......... contribute to the overall function of the whole municipality?

As this district has a dense population, the mayor .......... more parking lots during his previous term in office, but he unfortunately did not.

If urban management is seen in this holistic and integrated way, it may begin to have some success in countries .......... their rapid urban growth.

Little by little, .........., I developed this passion, and although one-half of a passion is obsession, the other half is love.

.......... too embarrassing to ignore did the federal authorities decide to act.

Choose the word or phrase (1), (2), (3), or (4) that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. The four underlined parts are listed as the options. It is the exclusive right of City management…

Choose the word or phrase (1), (2), (3), or (4) that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. The four underlined parts are listed as the options. We should ask ourselves whether it is worth…

Choose the word or phrase (1), (2), (3), or (4) that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. The four underlined parts are listed as the options. He dramatically reneged by his promises…

Choose the word or phrase (1), (2), (3), or (4) that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. The four underlined parts are listed as the options. If the economic prosperity of cities…

Choose the word or phrase (1), (2), (3), or (4) that must be changed for the sentence to be correct. The four underlined parts are listed as the options. This European Union Smart Cities consultant…

Whether in the South or the North, the cities we are living in are a clear expression of the increasing inequalities from which our societies .........., as a result of putting money and greed before…

A city is a relatively large, dense, permanent .......... of heterogeneous individuals and groups of individuals organized to perform locality-relevant functions in an integrated manner.

No effective global collaborative agreement to .......... climate change can be delivered without the full involvement of cities.

Urban development holds the promise of creating sustainable communities that enhance quality of life and .......... social connectivity for all residents.

Some urban development plans often ignore green spaces, focusing .......... on commercial growth only.